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1.What is a Rare Disease?
Briefly speaking, rare diseases suggest diseases with low prevalence. Well-known rare diseases 
include: Spinocerebellar Ataxia, Phenylketonuria, Mucopolysaccharidoses, Osteogenesis Imperfecta
(Glass Dolls), Thalessemia and so forth. The number of patients with these rare diseases ranges
from hundreds to thousands. Moreover, there have been only several cases of certain rare diseases
in the world. Most rare diseases are results of genetic defects, and are often described as congenital
diseases. Genetic defects are sometimes caused by sporadic mutation or by inheritance. However,
causes of certain rare diseases still remain unknown.

The possibility for this kind of serious health risk at birth is present in all pregnancies. The rate of babies
born with the effects of a genetic disease or damage due to complications is around 3-5%. This figure,
though seemingly a small consideration, is a real risk that affects millions of births each year.
There are about 25,000 genes in human body and each one of us carries around 5 to 10 defective genes.
If both parents carry the same defective gene, the risks are much higher that their baby will inherit an active,
dominant form of the disease and show the physical effects. The prospective parents could seek out medical
counseling to discuss their family histories, their current genetic makeup, and their risks for passing on
negative genetic effects. It is also important for the parents to be aware of the lifestyles and environment
that they live in which could adversely effect their own health as well as increasing the risks for genetic
defects in their children.
(References:http://www.hpa.gov.tw/BHPNet/Web/HealthTopic/TopicBulletin.aspx?No=200804250003&parentid=200712250007)
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2.What is an Orphan Drug?
Rare diseases are not always diseases with no medication. In some cases, if diagnosed and treated at early
stage, patients may avoid serious results such as mental and growth retardation and physical disability.
However, due to the high cost of developing medical treatment and special nutrients and a small market with
so few patients, pharmaceutical industry is not willing to develop, produce or import those products.
Therefore, those medical treatment and nutrients are called “Orphan Drugs.”

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3.Rare Disease in Taiwan
Due to the low affliction rate and the small number of people who suffer from rare diseases, those who
are affected are marginalized in society. They encounter obstacles in receiving diagnosis, treatment
and education, as well as in finding employment and care.
Conventional prejudices and the lack of information about genetic diseases have contributed to the
general belief that genetic disease is tremendously shameful or a form of punishment for wrongful
deeds committed in a past life. These ideas have discouraged many from confronting the reality
of their illnesses or from seeking medical help, and has in turn led to endless tragedies. It is our firm
belief that only through legislation, can we protect those who are weak and desperately in need of help.
Rare disease, as its name suggests, are those diseases with very low prevalence and affects only
a small number of people. Rare diseases are classified differently in each country.
For example, in the U.S. it is considered a rare disease if it affects less than 200,000 people. (prevalent
in less than 7.5/10,000) In Japan, if the number of patients total less than 50,000 (prevalent in less than
5/10,000). In Taiwan, according to the Rare Disease and Orphan Drugs Committee, the standard for
rare diseases is if it’s prevalent in less than 1/10,000.
TFRD had been advocating the adoption of “Prevention of Rare Disease and Orphan Drug Act” since the
establishment of the foundation. Thanks to the support from medical society, academia, and legislators,
the act finally became available in 2000.
In 2020, the government has categorized 223 diseases as officially proclaimed rare diseases. TFRD has
been serving patients with 257 rare diseases affecting more than 7,000 people. So far 108 orphan drugs
and 40 special nutrients have been approved by the government for treating patients.
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4.Rare Diseases and Orphan Drugs Act
At the beginning, there were three versions of laws for Rare Disease Control and Orphan Drug Act.
The Bureau of Pharmaceutical Affairs (under the administration of Department of Health),
the Legislation Yuan and TFRD had different emphasis when drafting the law. The Bureau
of Pharmaceutical Affairs emphasized on the location and importance of orphan drugs.
However, TFRD knew that rare disease patients wanted more options. Through the continued
efforts of the PR, negotiation meetings, and going door-to-door to the legislators. The Bureau
of Pharmaceutical Affairs, Legislation Yuan, and TFRD finally consolidated the 3 different laws
into one Act, which covered the needs of rare diseased patients in respect to: location,
designation of orphan drugs, relevant needs, prevention & management of rare diseases,
and international medical cooperation. After the passage of the Act patients can receive the
following reimbursements from the government.

Rare Disease Proclamation:
By the end of April of 2018, the government classified 220 diseases to be under the rare disease
category thereby protecting patients under the “Rare Disease Control and Orphan Drug Act”
with 15,056cases confirmed. TFRD has been serving patients with 254 rare diseases affecting
6,626 people. So far 102 orphan drugs and 42 special nutrients have been approved for treating
patients by the government. According to the act, these drugs and special nutritional food can
be imported and the National Health Insurance reimburses up to 56 out of 77 orphan drugs.
The official definition of rare disorders is a disease if it's prevalent in 1:10,000 people. It must
be recognized by the rare disorder and orphan drug committee, or recognized and declared by
central competent authority. Patients can apply through their doctors or medical institutions by
bringing rare disorders report sheet (including suspected cases), abstract of the disease and
related medical essays to the Bureau of Health Promotion, Department of Health, Executive Yuan
to proceed with the application. Patients that have been acknowledged officially as having rare
diseases could apply for reimbursement for the medical expenses occurred in local medical center,
or regional teaching hospitals. Expenses include diagnosis, treatment, drugs, and special nutritional
supplements. The reimbursement cap is 70% of actual expenses but families that qualify for low-income status can receive reimbursements up to 100% for drugs and nutritional supplements for the patient.
Medication
When facing problems such as procurement of unapproved medication, unavailability of approved medication,
or unreasonable drug prices, patients may apply through medical institutes for the importation of orphan drugs
to the Bureau of Pharmaceutical Affairs on an Ad hoc basis. Maximum dictation amount applied is the amount
needed in 2 years.
Transferring Specimen
Subsidized by the Bureau of Health Promotion, TFRD has established a "International Specimen Testing and
Transfer Services Center". Bureau of Health Promotion and TFRD will cover 80% of the total testing cost and
the patient will be responsible for the remaining 20% of the cost.
Taiwan Foundation for Rare Disorders
Tel: 886-2-2521-0717 #151
Genetics Counseling Center
In order to build the national network of rare disorders and advance related prevention activities, the Bureau
of Health Promotion has evaluated medical facilities to assure the quality of genetic counseling centers.
Approved medical institutions include:
Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital
886-3-8563092
Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou branch
886-3-3281200#8278
China Medical University Hospital
886-4-22502121#2128
Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital, Kaoshiung Medical University
886-7-3121101#6465/ 886-7-3114995
Chung Shan Medical University Hospital
886-4-24739595#2203
Mackay Memorial Hospital
886-2-25433535#2547/2548
National Cheng Kung University Hospital
886-6-2353535#4740
National Taiwan University Hospital
886-2-2312-3456#6708
Taichung Veterans General Hospital
886-4-23592525#4026/ 04-23509615
Taipei Veterans General Hospital
886-2-2871-2121#3467
Orphan Drug and Nutritional Supplement Supply Center
In order to procure and transport orphan drug and special nutrients, Bureau of Health Promotion founded
"Orphan Drug Distribution Center" and "Special Nutritional Supplement Supply Center" to facilitate the
process of distributing drugs.
Enclosure:
1.Rare Disease and Orphan Drug Act
2.Enforcement Rules for Rare Disease and Orphan Drug Act
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